Table of Contents
of
Thinking Things Through
by
Clark Glymour
Part I: The Idea of Proof
1. PROOFS
-
Introduction
-
Forms of reasoning and some fundamental questions
-
Geometry
-
God and Saint Anselm
-
God and Saint Thomas
-
Infinity
-
*Infinity and cardinality
-
Conclusion
2. ARISTOTLE'S THEORY OF DEMONSTRATION AND
PROOF
-
Aristotle and Greek science
-
The Platonic conception of knowledge
-
Aristotle's conception of nature
-
Aristotle's conception of science
-
Aristotle's logic
-
The theory of the syllogism
-
Limitations of Aristotle's syllogistic theory
of deductive argument
-
After Aristotle
-
Aristotelian reasoning in artificial intelligence*
3. IDEAS, COMBINATIONS, AND THE MATHEMATICS
OF THOUGHT
-
Introduction
-
Combinations
-
The IDEA idea
-
The binomial theorem
-
Leibniz and the mathematics of reason
-
Conclusion
4. THE LAWS OF THOUGHT
-
Introduction
-
The universe of discourse and fields of sets
-
Language and the world
-
The laws of Boolean algebra
-
Truth, propositions, and Boolean algebra
-
Use of Boolean logic
-
Some limitations of Boole's logical theory
5. FREGE'S NEW LOGICAL WORLD
-
Introduction
-
Frege,Logicism, and Logic
-
The theory of meaning: language and the world
-
Implications of Frege's theory
-
Mysteries
-
Conclusion
6. MODERN LOGIC*
-
Relational structures
-
Formal languages
-
Truth and satisfaction
-
Proofs
-
Soundness and completeness
-
Theories and models
-
Two paradoxes
-
The Finite and the Infinite
-
The Liar
Part II: Experience, Knowledge, and Belief
7. SKEPTICISM
-
Introduction
-
Bacon's inductive method
-
The Newtonian revolution
-
Ancient inductive skepticism
-
Hume's inductive skepticism
-
Metaphysical skepticism
-
Conclusion
8. BAYESIAN SOLUTIONS*
-
Natural religion
-
The theory of probability
-
Bernoulli trials
-
The binomial distribution
-
What is probability?
-
Bayes, Price, and Hume
-
The modern revival
-
Bounded rationality and Bayesian problems
-
Conclusion
9. KANTIAN SOLUTIONS
-
Introduction
-
The Kantian picture
-
Constructional systems
-
Conventionalism and analytic truth
-
Doubts
-
Idealism, skepticism, and relativism
-
After Kant
-
Language Games
-
Primitivism
-
Naturalized Epistemology
10. KNOWLEDGE AND RELIABILITY
-
Introduction
-
Knowledge
-
Reliability and justification
-
The mathematics of reliability
-
Putnam's framework
-
Reliability when truth is relative
-
Conclusion
Part III: Minds
1. MIND AND MEANING
-
Introduction
-
Some metaphysical views
-
Personal identity
-
Reduction
-
The Intensional and the Extensional
-
Functionalism, Physicalism, and the Cartesian
Fallacy
-
What are meanings?
-
Truth conditions
-
Meanings as use
-
The private-language argument
-
Conclusion
12. THE COMPUTABLE*
-
The development of computation theory from
logic
-
Goedel's theorems
-
Turing machines
-
Church's thesis
-
Recursive and recursively enumerable sets
-
Decision problems
-
What is a computation?
-
Complexity
13. THE COMPUTATIONAL CONCEPT OF MIND
-
Introduction
-
The compuational conception of mind
-
The argument of Lucas and Penrose
-
Are mental states in the head?
-
The Chinese room
-
Challenges of the computational conception
of mind
-
Can the computational conception of mind be
wrong?
-
Bounded rationality
-
Rationality and Computationally Bounded Systems
-
Conclusion: Android epistemology and android
norms
14. THE ENTERPRISE OF PHILOSOPHY