Lesson 13 - Learning
Goals
13.1 Understand what is to be covered in Phase 2
13.2 Learn the pros and cons of FORTRAN and C
13.3 Borland Turbo C environment
13.4 Learn how to use the Turbo C editor and Menu
308--208 PHASE 2
Some of the statements in various highlevel
languages are illustrated in the following table. Each section
of code represents the calculation of an employee's salary.
Examples of HighLevel Languages
LANGUAGE EXAMPLE STATEMENTS
Pascal:
if hours <= 40.0 then salary := hours*payrate else salary := 40.0*payrate + (hours 40.0)*payrate*1.5;
FORTRAN 90:
if (hours <= 40.0) then salary = hours*payrte else salary = 40.0*payrte + (hours 40.0)*payrte*1.5 endifAda: if hours <= 40.0 then salary := hours*payrate; else salary := 40.0*payrate + (hours 40.0)*payrate*1.5; BASIC: if h > 40.0 then 200 let s = h*p go to 250 200 let s = 40.0*p + (h 40.0)*p*1.5 250 COBOL: if hours is less than 40.0 or _ hours is equal to 40.0, compute salary = hours*payrate else compute salary = 40.0*payrate + (hours 40.0)*payrate*1.5 PL/I: if hours <= 40.0 then salary = hours*payrate; else salary = 40.0*payrate + (hours 40.0)*payrate*1.5;
ADVANTAGES OF C
TURBO C COMPILER :
Hot Key | Menu Equivalent Function |
F1 | Help Displays a Help screen |
F2 | File/Save Saves active edit or file |
F3 | File/Open Opens file |
F4 | Run/Go to cursor Executes to cursor location |
F5 | Window/Zoom Zooms the active window |
F6 | Window/Next Cycles through open windows |
F7 | Run/Trace into Traces into subroutines |
F8 | Run/Step over Steps over subroutine calls |
F10 | Activates the menu bar |
ALT-F1 | Help/Previous topic Displays previous Help screen |
ALT-F3 | Window/Close Closes active window |
ALT-F5 | Window/User screen Displays User screen |
ALT-F9 | Compile/Compile Compiles active program |
ALT-Spacebar | menu Goes to System menu |
ALT-C | Compile menu Goes to Compile menu |
ALT-D | Debug menu Goes to Debug menu |
ALT-E | Edit menu Goes to Edit menu |
ALT-F | File menu Goes to File menu |
ALT-H | Help menu Goes to Help menu |
ALT-O | Options menu Goes to Options menu |
ALT-R | Run menu Goes to Run menu |
ALT-S | Search menu Goes to Search menu |
ALT-W | menu Window Goes to Window menu |
ALT-X | menu File/Exit Exits Turbo Pascal to DOS |
CTRL-F1 | Help/Topic search Gives language-specific help while in editor |
CTRL-F2 | Run/Program reset Resets running program |
CTRL-F7 | Debug/Add watch Adds a watch expression |
CTRL-F8 | Debug/Toggle breakpoint Clears or sets conditional breakpoint |
CTRL-F9 | Run/Run Executes active program |
TURBO C OPERATIONS
Function | Keystroke |
Movement Commands | Ctrl S or left arrow |
Character left | Ctrl D or right arrow |
Character right | Ctrl A or Ctrl left arrow |
Word left | Ctrl F or Ctrl right arrow |
Word right | Ctrl E or up arrow |
Line up | Ctrl X or down arrow |
Line down | Ctrl R or PgUp |
Page up | Ctrl C or PgDn |
Page down | Ctrl Q/S or Home |
Beginning of line | Ctrl Q/D or End |
End of line | Ctrl Q/E or Ctrl Home |
Top of window | Ctrl Q/X or Ctrl End |
Bottom of window | Ctrl Q/R or Ctrl PgUp |
Beginning of program | Ctrl Q/C or Ctrl PgDn |
End of program | |
Insert and Delete Commands | |
Delete line | Ctrl Y |
Delete block | Ctrl K/Y |
Delete to end of line | Ctrl Q/Y |
Delete character left of cursor | Ctrl H or Backspace |
Delete character under cursor | Ctrl G or Delete |
Insert line | Ctrl N |
Block Commands | |
Copy block to edit file | Ctrl K/C |
Copy block to Clipboard | Edit/Copy or Ctrl lns |
Delete block (not saving to Clipboard) | Edit/Clear or Ctrl Del |
Delete block (saving to Clipboard) | Edit/Cut or Shift Del |
Hide/display block | Ctrl K/H |
Mark block begin | Ctrl K/B |
Mark block end | Ctrl K/K |
Mark single work | Ctrl K/T |
Move block from Clipboard | Edit/Paste or Shift Ins |
Move block to edit file | Ctrl-K/V |
Read block from disk | Ctrl K/R |
Write block to disk | Ctrl K/W |
Miscellaneous | |
Find | Ctrl Q/F or Search/Find |
Find and replace | Ctrl Q/A or Search/Replace |
Invoke main menu | F10 |
Language help | Ctrl F1 |
Open file | F3 or File/Open |
Save file | Ctrl K/S or F2 or File/Save |
FORTRAN PROGRAM PROGRAM SINE ! Prints values of y=sin x for x=0,10,...90 degrees. implicit none real :: scalef, degree, radian, y integer :: i scalef = 3.141593/180.0 print *,'DEGREES SINE FUNCTION' do i = 0,9 degree = i*10.0 radian = scalef*degree y = sin(radian) print 5,degree,y 5 format (' ',F7.1,F12.4) end do stop END PROGRAM SINE
EQUIVALENT PROGRAM IN C /* Prints values of y=sinx for x=0,10,...90 degrees. */ #include <stdio.h> #include <math.h> main() { float scalef, degree, radian, y; int i; scalef = 3.141593/180.0; printf ("DEGREES SINE FUNCTION\n"); for (i=0; i<=9; i=i+1) { degree = i*10.0; radian = scalef*degree; y = sin(radian); printf ("%f7.1%f12.4\n",degree,y); } }
FORTRAN FORM VS. C FORM FORTRAN 77 ---> RIGID FORMAT (Improved with FORTRAN 90)
DATA TYPES IN C int same as INTEGER ; float same as REAL Most expressions are the same as FORTRAN : (Where op is an arithmetic operator + - * / %)
CHAR TYPES IN C 1) char in C like CHARACTER*1 in FORTRAN
Form | Meaning |
\0 | null character |
\b | backspace |
\f | form feed (top of page) |
\n | new line |
\r | carriage return |
\t | tab |
\v | vertical tab |
\' | single quote ( ' ) |
\" | double quote ( " ) |
\\ | backslash ( \ ) |
\% | percent sign ( % ) |
A Complete C Program Example #1 : #include <stdio.h> main( ) { printf("Hello, world\n"); } Example #2 : #include <stdio.h> main() { printf("The value of PI is about 3.14159 \n"); } or #include <stdio.h> #define PI 3.14159 main() { printf("The value of PI is %f \n", PI); }
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